This is an outdated version published on 2025-12-18. Read the most recent version.

The history and actuality of Japanese internal migration: achievements and limits of the “rural return” phenomenon

Authors

  • Norihisa Arai UNAM PUEAA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v15i43.957

Keywords:

Lifestyle migration, amenity migration, rural return, neo-ruralism, Japanese countryside

Abstract

Currently, there is a migration of young Japanese to the countryside known as “rural return” or “return to rural life”, a phenomenon that has been investigated in Japanese academia and has become important for municipal and local policy decisions, with the aim of repopulating areas that have historically been losing population. Based on an extensive bibliographical analysis of this migration phenomenon, which has not been much discussed abroad, the article highlights some characteristics of rural return in Japan. As a result of this research, it is exposed that, although the social commitment of these young people to rural communities is pointed out and the question of social classes is not manifested as in other countries which experience migration to rurality, the growing interest of young people could introduce new actors who have not been before in the framework of the analysis of the theory of rural return.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Beale, C. L. (1975). The Revival ofPopulationGrowth in NonmetropolitanAmerica (ERS-605). Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Benson, M. C. (2009). A desire for difference: British lifestyle migration to southwest France. In M. Benson, & K. O’Reilly (Eds.), Lifestyle Migration:

Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences (pp. 121-136). Routledge. Cadieux, K. V., & Hurley, P. T. (2011). Amenity migration, exurbia, and emerging rural landscapes: global natural amenity as place and as process.

GeoJournal, 76, 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9335-0

Flognfeldt, T. (2006). Second homes, work commuting and amenity migrants in Norway’s mountain areas. In L. A. G. Moss (Ed.), The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures (pp.232?244). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990842.0232

Furusato Ch?ki Kaiki Shien Center [Centro de Apoyo para el Retorno Rural]. (2023). Chihoijyu no Genjyo ni tsuite, 2023nen ban [Situación actual de la migración rural, versión de 2023]. https://www.furusatokaiki.net/wp/wp- content/uploads/2024/03/webnews_furusatokaiki_ranking_2023.pdf

Graff, L. (2021). Huir de la ciudad por el campo: el fenómeno del neorru- ralismo francés. GeoGraphos, 12, 193-218. https://doi.org/10.14198/GEOGRA2021.12.140

Hayamizu, K. (2018). Simple life no Seijisei. [Politicidad de la vida sencilla]. Shik?hin Bunka Kenky?, (3), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.34365/shiko- hinbunka.2018.3_41

Howard, E. (2018). Ciudades Jardín del mañana. Círculo de Bellas Artes. Ishikawa, N. (2018). The “Return to the Country” phenomenon in Japan examined in relation to the concept of lifestyle migration. Bulletin of the

Hiroshima University Museum, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15027/47293

Isoda, Y. (2017). Is Japanese “Rural Regression” a precursor of counterur- banization? (100099, Presentación en Nihon Chiri Gakkai [Sociedad Geográfica de Japón]). https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajg/2017a/0/2017a_100099/_pdf/-char/ja

It?, H. (2012). Nariwai o tsukuru: jinsei o nusumarenai hatarakikata [Crear los trabajos para la vida: manual de trabajo para que no te roben tu vida]. Shoseki.

Kasami, K. (2018). Inaka o Tsukuru. [Crear el campo]. Commons.

Kokudok?tsush? [Ministerio de Territorio, Infraestructuras, Transportes y Turismo]. (1969). ShinZenkokuS?g?KaihatsuKeikaku [Nuevo Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Integral]. https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001135929.pdf

Masuda, H. (2014). Chihou Sh?metsu: Tokyo Ikkyoku Shuch? ga Maneku Jink? Kyugen [Desaparición de regiones rurales: descenso rápido de la población causado por la concentración poblacional en Tokio]. Chu?k?ron Shinsha.

Matsuo, M. (1971). N?gy? Sonraku no Sh?dan Ijy? [Migración masiva de los pueblos agrícolas]. N?rin Tokei Kenky?, 7(1), 17-23.

McIntyre, N. (2009). Rethinking Amenity Migration: Integration Mobility, Lifestyle and Social-Ecological Systems. Die Erde: Journal of the Geogra- phical Society of Berlin, 140(3), 229-250.

Mitchell, C. (2004). Making sense of counterurbanization. Journal of Rural Studies, 20(1), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7

Mitsuda, H. (1987). Sonraku Syakai Taikei Ron [Teoría de los sistemas sociales rurales]. Minerva Shob?.

Mitsuda, H. (1999). Neorruralism Ron Saik?. [Reconsideración del neorru- ralismo]. Syakaigakubu Ronsh?, 32, 65-81.

Morikawa, H. (1988). On the phenomenon of population turnaround or “cou- nterurbanization”. Geographical review of Japan series A, 61(9), 685?705. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj1984a.61.9_685

Moss, L. A. G. (Ed.). (2006). The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures. CABI.

Moss, L. A. G. & Glorioso, R. S. (Eds.), (2014). Global Amenity Migration: Transforming Rural Culture Economy & Landscape. The New Ecology Press.

Muramatsu, K. (2017). History and actuality of the Back-to-the-land mo- vements in Japan: towards a genealogical analysis. Kokusainihongaku, (14), 167-192.

Nagatomo, J. (2013). Lifestyle Migration: the Japanese immigrants in Australia. Sairy?sha.

Nagatomo, J. (2015). Conceptualizing Lifestyle Migration: A Literature Review in Migration Studies. Journal of International Studies: Kwansei Gakuin University, 4(1), 23-32.

Nelson, P. B. (2006). Geographic perspective on amenity migration across the USA: national-, regional- and local scale analysis. In L. A. G. Moss (Ed.), The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures (pp. 55-72). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990842.0055

Nishimura, R., Mitsuichi, K., & Sakuma, Y. (2015). A study of the transition of the relationship of migrants and local residents in the district manage- mente activities in remote areas: In case of Irokawa district in Nachikat- suura town, Higashimuro-gun Wakayama prefecture. Journal of the City Planning Institute ofJapan, (50)3, 1303-1309. https://doi.org/10.11361/ journalcpij.50.1303

Nishino, T. (2024). Characteristics of the “Return to Rural Living” phenomenon in Japan and local government’s responsibility. Chiikiseisaku Kenky?, 26(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.20635/0002000103

Odagiri, T. (2014). Nosanson wa sh?metsushinai, [Los pueblos rurales no des- aparecen]. Iwanami shoten.

Odagiri, T. (2024). Nigiyakana kaso o tsukuru: N?son Saisei no Seisaku K?s?. [Creación de una despoblación animada: Iniciativas políticas para la re- generación rural]. N?sangyoson Bunka Ky?kai.

O’Reilly, K., & Benson, M. (2009). Lifestyle Migration: Escaping to the Good Life? In K. O’Reilly & M. Benson (Eds.), Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences (pp. 1-30). Routledge.

Rodríguez, A. B., & Trabada, X. E. (1991). De la ciudad al campo: el fenómeno social neorruralista en España. Política y Sociedad, 9, 73-86. https://revis- tas.ucm.es/index.php/POSO/article/view/POSO9191220073A

Saito, K. (2022). El Capital en la era del Antropoceno. Penguin Random House.

Sait?, K., & Matsumoto, T. (Coords.). (2023). Komon no Jichiron [Teoría de la autonomía de los comunes]. Sh?eisha.

Sakuno, H. (2016). The increase of migrants into local areas and regional correspondence: what does “return to the country” mean for local areas? Keizaichirigakunenh?, 62(4), 324-345.

Sato, H. (2023). Yomigaeru Denen Toshi Kokka: Masayoshi ?hira, Ebenezer Howard, Kunio Yanagita no K?s? [Resucitar el Estado constituido por ciudad jardín: los proyectos de Masayoshi ?hira, Ebenezer Howard y Kunio Yanagita]. Chikuma Shob?.

S?mush? [Ministerio de Asuntos Internos y Comunicaciones]. (2015). “De- nenkaiki” ni kansuru Chosa Houkokusho [Informe de investigación sobre el “retorno rural”]. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000538258.pdf

S?mush? [Ministerio de Asuntos Internos y Comunicaciones]. (2024). Chii- kiryoku S?z? Group no Shinki-Kakujy? shisaku tou [Medidas nuevas y ampliadas del Grupo de Creación de Capacidades Regionales, etc.]. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000959445.pdf

Suzuki, S. (2023). Amenity Migration of Working-Age People to the New Vacation Home Area in Karuizawa and Surrounding Areas. Geographical review of Japan series A, 96(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj.96.1

Tanigaki, M. (2017). A Study on Lifestyle Migration Behavior into Diminishing Local Municipalities [PhD thesis, Osaka Metropolitan University].

Teng, Y. (2021). Internal Migration Intentions of Young Adults Living in Tokyo: Focusing on the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Quarterly Journal of Geography, 73(4), 250-263. https://doi.org/10.5190/tga.73.4_250

Tomiyama, K. (2022, 8 de julio). Ikkyoku Sh?chu kara Takyoku “Sh?jy?” e [De la concentración unipolar a la multipolar]. SMBC Business Club InfoLounge. https://infolounge.smbcc-businessclub.jp/articles/624

Tsunakawa, Y. (2021). Analysis of real estate transactions in the exurb. A Case Study of Karuizawa, Nagano Prefecture. Bungaku Kenky? Ronsh?, 55, 63?79. http://hdl.handle.net/10291/22023

Wakabayashi, K., & Hatanaka, A. (2023). Wasurerareta Nihonjin o Hiraku: Miyamoto Tsuneichi to “Seken” no Democracy [Introducción a “Los japoneses ol- vidados”: Tsuneichi Miyamoto y la democracia de la “sociedad”]. Kokuch?sha.

Watanabe, T. (2003). Tian-yuan and Time --A Study of Tao Yuan-ming’s Gui-qu-lai-xi Ci. Chugoku Buengakuh?, (66), 31-57.

Woods, M. (2010). Rural (Key Ideas in Geography). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844304

Yamagami, T. (2003). Spatio-temporal Structure of Population Growth in Major Metropolitan Areas in Japan. Geographical Review of Japan, 76(4), 187?210. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj.76.187

Yanagita, K. (2000). Yanagita Kunio Zensh? [Obras completas de Kunio Yanagita]. Chikuma Shob?.

Zenkoku Kaso Ch?ki Renmei [Federación Nacional de Áreas Subpobladas]. (2022). Banco de Datos. https://www.kaso-net.or.jp/publics/index/19/

Zushi, N. (2022). Denen Kaiki. [Retorno rural]. En Foro Regional de zonas montañosas y medianamente montañosas (Eds.). Ch?sankan Ch?ki Hand book. [Manual de la región montañosa y medianamente montañosa] (pp.

-72). N?sangyoson Bunka Ky?kai.

Published

2025-12-18

Versions

How to Cite

Arai, N. (2025). The history and actuality of Japanese internal migration: achievements and limits of the “rural return” phenomenon. México Y La Cuenca Del Pacífico, 15(43), 33-59. https://doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v15i43.957