Pacific Alliance: Bringing Back Open Regionalism to Latin America

Autores/as

  • Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez Universidad EAFIT
  • Santiago Gutiérrez-Viana The Latin Trade Group
  • Juan David Rodríguez-Rios Universidad EAFIT
  • Laura Gutiérrez-Gómez Fedesarrollo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v4i11.483

Palabras clave:

Alianza del Pacífico, integración regional, Latinoamérica, comercio, política regional

Resumen

This paper seeks to answer why the Pacific Alliance (PA) has emerged as the latest integration initiative in the already wide spectrum of multilateral groups in Latin America. It does so by evaluating the political and economic considerations that motivated the pa’s formation, aiming to present informed arguments within the framework of trade and political developments in the region. This paper is based on both secondary and primary data (interviews), and it is divided into four parts plus conclusions. The paper starts by presenting a general characterization of the Alliance; afterwards, presents a historic and comparative overview of the integration processes in the region; assesses the current level of integration between the pa members; and, finally, offers insights into future developments in the following areas: transnational production chains, access to foreign markets and extra-regional (economic and political) outreach. The results of this study show how the public and private sector’s experience in international trade and international business has motivated the members of the Pacific Alliance to join forces to consolidate a platform for economic integration allowing them to increase market access, foster economic growth, and improve human development indicators in the region. From the political point of view, the paper concludes that the pa emerged as a liberal counterpart to the left-leaning integration initiatives that had been prevalent in the region during the preceding decade.La Alianza del Pacífico: el regreso del regionalismo abierto a América Latina. En el presente artículo se busca responder por qué la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) ha surgido como la más reciente iniciativa dentro del ya amplio espectro de agrupaciones multilaterales en América Latina. Para ello, en el documento se evalúan las consideraciones políticas y económicas que motivaron la formación de la ap, presentando argumentos informados en el marco de los desarrollos comerciales y políticos en la región. Este documento se basa en fuentes tanto primarias (entrevistas) como secundarias y se divide en cuatro secciones, más conclusiones. En primer lugar se presenta una caracterización general de la Alianza del Pacífico; en seguida se presenta un resumen histórico y comparativo de la ap con otras iniciativas regionales de integración; se evalúa el grado de integración que se ha alcanzado hasta el momento entre los países miembros Mayo-agosto de 2015. Análisis 23 Pacific Alliance: Bringing Back Open Regionalism to Latin America de la ap, y finalmente se ofrecen perspectivas sobre los futuros desarrollos en las siguientes áreas: cadenas transnacionales de valor, acceso a mercados extranjeros y diversificación de las relaciones económicas y políticas de sus miembros. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la experiencia de los sectores público y privado en materia de comercio intrarregional motivó a los países de la Alianza a aunar esfuerzos para consolidar una plataforma de integración económica que les permitiese potenciar el acceso a mercados, fortalecer el crecimiento económico y mejorar los indicadores de desarrollo humano en la región. Desde el punto de vista político, el documento concluye que la ap surgió como una alternativa liberal frente a las iniciativas de integración de corte izquierdista que fueron prevalentes en la década precedente.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Ardila, M. (2012), El Pacífico latinoamericano y su inserción internacional, Bogota: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.

Baier, S. L. & Bergstrand, J. H. (2007), “Do free trade agreements actually increase members’ international trade?”, Journal of International Economics, No. 71, pp. 72-95.

Baker, A. & Greene, K. (2011), “The Latin American Left’s Mandate: Free-Market Policies and Issue Voting in New Democracies”, World Politics, 66(1): 43-77.

Baldwin, R. & Jaimovich, D. (2012), “Are Free Trade Agreements contagious?”, Journal of International Economics, 88(1): 1-16.

Banco de la República (2013), Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia – Colombian Central Bank Statistics. Available online at http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/C2Flujo_Paises_2007.xls, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Bhagwati, J. (2008), Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Briceño Ruiz, J. (2012), “La alianza del Pacífico: La viabilidad de un naciente bloque regional”, in Ardila, M. (ed.), El Pacífico latinoamericano y su inserción internacional, Bogota: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, pp. 135-157.

Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1998), “The Central American common market: From closed to open regionalism”, World Development, 66(1): 313-322.

Busch, M. L. & Reinhardt, E. (2003), “Developing Countries and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement”, Journal of World Trade, 37(4): 719-735.

Casanova, L., Fraser, M. et al. (2009), Multilatinas to Global Latinas: The New Latin American Multinationals, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Casas, A. & Correa, M. E. (2007), “¿Qué pasa con la Comunidad Andina de Naciones – CAN? / What is wrong with the Andean Community?”, Papel Político, 12(2): 591-632.

Celli, U., Salles, M., Tussie, D. & Peixoto, J. (2010), Mercosur in South-South Agreements: In the middle of two models of regionalism, Geneva: UNCTAD Virtual Institute-Knowledge Sharing, Training and Capacity Development Branch-Division on Technology and Logistics.

Colleman, W. D. & Underhill, G. (1998), Regionalism and Global Economic Integration: Europe, Asia and the Americas, New York: Routledge.

Comunidad Andina (2006a), Convergencia comercial de los países de América del Sur hacia la comunidad sudamericana de naciones. Aranceles y comercio en sudamericana: Análisis de la convergencia hacia el libre Comercio. Available online at: http://www.comunidadandina.org/unasur/Convergencia2-%20Aranceles%20y%20comercio.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Comunidad Andina (2006b), Convergencia comercial de los países de América del Sur hacia la comunidad sudamericana de naciones. Normas de Origen (ACEs 58 y 59 y Decisión 416 de la CAN). Available online at: http://www.comunidadandi-na.org/unasur/Convergencia3-%20Normas%20de%20origen.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2008), “The multinationalization of developing country MNEs: The case of Multilatinas”, Journal of International Management, 14(2): 138-154.

Dade, C. & Meacham, C. (2013), The Pacific Alliance: An example of lessons learned, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies– CSIS. Available online at: https://csis.org/files/publication/130711_CDadeCMeacham_PacificAlliance.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Darnton, C. (2012), “A false start on the road to Mercosur: Reinterpreting rapprochement failure between Argentina and Brazil”, Latin American Research Review, 47(2): 120-143.

Declaración de Lima (2011), Declaration of the I Summit of the Pacific Alliance- Lima, Peru. Available online at: http://alianzapacifico.net/documents/AP_Declaracion_Lima_I_Cumbre.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Declaración de Paranal (2012), Declaration of the IV Summit of the Pacific Alliance - Antofagasta, Chile. Available online at: http://www.minrel.gob.cl/prontus_minrel/site/artic/20120606/asocfile/20120606160551/declaracion_de_paranal_06_06_2012_1.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Devlin, R. & French-Davis, R. (2002), “Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s”, The World Economy, 22(2): 261-290.

Direcon (2013), Trade Agreements in force. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile (2013). Available online at: http://www.direcon.cl/, last accessed 25 September 2013.

ECLAC (1994), Open Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean: Economic integration as a contribution to changing production patterns with social equity, Santiago de Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Estevadeordal, A., Suominen, K., Sanguinetti, P. & Trejos, A. (2005), “Rules of Origin in Preferential Trading Arrangements: Is All Well with the Spaghetti Bowl in the Americas?”, Economía, 5(2): 63-103.

François, J. F., McQueen, M. & Wignaraja, G. (2005), “European Union - Developing country FTAs: Overview and analysis”, World Development, No.33, pp. 1545-1565.

Galan, J. M. (2007), “Evaluation of Colombian Foreign Policy – A view from the Colombian Senate”, Colombia Internacional, No. 65, pp. 164-178.

García, M. (2013), “Resources and Trade: Linking the Pacific through Bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTA)”, Journal of World Trade, 47(2): 329-358. Garman, G. & Gilliard, D. (1998), “Economic Integration in the Americas: 1975-1992”, The Journal of Applied Business Research, 14(3): 1-13.

Gereffi, G. (2013), “Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus Worlds”, Review of International Political Economy, Routledge, pp. 1-29. Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. & Sturgeon, T. (2005), “The governance of global value chains”, Review of International Political Economy, 12(1): 78-104.

Giuliani, E., Pietrobelli, C. & Rabellotti, R. (2005), “Upgrading in global value chains: Lessons from Latin American clusters”, World Development, 33(4): 549-573.

González, A. (2009), “Revitalizing the US Trade Agenda in Latin America: Building on the FTA Platform”, Journal of International Economic Law, No.12, pp. 539-546.

González-Pérez, M. A. & Vélez-Ocampo, J. F. (In press), “Targeting one’s own region: Internationalisation trends of Colombian multinational companies”, European Business Review.

Haas, E. (1965), The politics of economics in Latin American regionalism: The Latin American Free Trade Association after four years of operation, Denver: Social Science Foundation/Graduate School of International Studies-University of Denver.

Hernández, R. (2012), “Economic Liberalization and Trade Relations between Mexico and China”, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41(1): 49-96.

Hojman, D. E. (1981), “The Andean Pact: Failure of a Model of Economic Integration?”, Journal of Common Markets Studies, 20(2): 139-160. International Trade Center (2013), Trademap: Trade statistics for international business development. Available online at: http://www.trademap.org

Japan Times (2013), “Four TPP Members offer to kill all Tariffs”, The Japan Times - News (21 September, 2013). Available online at: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/09/21/national/four-tpp-members-offer-to-kill-all-tariffs/#.UkSfpoZWySo, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Jessop, B. (2013), “Dynamics of regionalism and globalism: a critical political economy perspective”, Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Science and Humanities, No. 5, pp. 3-24.

Krapohl, S. & Fink, S. (2013), “Different Paths of Regional Integration: Trade Networks and Regional Institution-Building in Europe, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(3): 472-488.

Kuwayama, M. (1999), Open Regionalism in Asia Pacific and Latin America: A survey of the literature, Santiago de Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean-International Trade and Development Finance Division.

López, A., Ramos, D. & Torre, I. (2009), Las exportaciones de servicios de América Latina y su integración en las cadenas globales de valor. Documento presentado a la Oficina de la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la CEPAL, Santiago de Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Available online at: www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/3/35963/DocW37fin.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

López, D. & Muñoz, F. (2012), “El inicio formal de la Alianza del Pacífico”, Puentes - ICTSD, No. 12, pp. 18-23.

Malamud, A. (2005), “Mercosur Turns 15: Between rising rhetoric and declining achievement”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 18(3): 421-436.

Malamud, A. (2011), “A Leader without Followers? The Growing Divergence between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy”, Latin American Politics and Society, 53(3): 1-24.

Malamud, C. (2013), “La Alianza del Pacífico: Un revulsivo para la integración regional en América Latina”, Real Instituto Elcano. Available online at: http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10980.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Mayoralty of Cali (2013), Macrorrueda de Negocios de la Alianza del Pacífico permitió cerrar millonarios negocios. Available online at: http://www.cali.gov.co/redbibliotecas/publicaciones.php?id=52160, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Meacham, C. (2013), “Why Colombia is not in the Trans-Pacific Partnership?”, Center for Strategic and International Studies - CSIS (2 July, 2013). Available online at: http://csis.org/publication/should-colombia-join-trans-pacific-partnership, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Mecham, M. (2003), “Mercosur: a failing development project”, International Affairs, 79(2): 369-385.

Micheli, J. (2012), “El sector de call centers: Estructura y tendencias. Apuntes sobre la situación de México”, Frontera Norte, 24(47): 145-169.

Milenky, E. S. (1973), The politics of regional organization in Latin America: The Latin American Free Trade Association, New York: Praeger.

Mincetur (2013), International Tourism Statistics, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism of Peru. Available online at: http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/turismo/estadistica/Diario/con_migracion.asp, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo de Colombia (2013), Trade and Investment Agreements of Colombia, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism. Available online at: http://www.tlc.gov.co/, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Mols, M. (2005), “APEC and Latin America: Completing the Pacific Rim agenda”, in Rüland, J., Manske, E., & Draguhn, W. (eds.), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): The First Decade, New York: Routledge, pp. 72-86.

Morales, R. (2013), “Acuerdan México y Perú TLC con apertura total en 10 años”, El Economista (6 April 2011). Available online at: http://eleconomista.com.mx/industrias/2011/04/06/acuerdan-mexico-peru-tlc-apertura-total-10-anos, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Murray, P. & Moxon-Browne, E. (2013), “The European Union as a Template for Regional Integration? The case of ASEAN and its committee of permanent representatives”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(3): 522-537. Oxford Analytica (2013), Latin America: Market integration brings cheap capital, Oxford: Oxford Analytica Ltd. (22 November, 2010). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/807639236?accountid=45662, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Park, Y., Urata, S. & Cheong, I. (2007), “The political economy of the proliferation of FTAs”, In La Croix, S. & Petri, P. Challenges to the global trading system: Adjustment to globalization in the Asia-Pacific region, New York: Routledge, pp. 43-57.

Peña, C. & Rozemberg, R. (2010), Una aproximación al desarrollo institucional del Mercosur: Sus fortalezas y debilidades, Washington: Inter-American Development Bank. Available online at: http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2010/06593.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Proexport (2012), “ProChile, ProMéxico, PromPerú, Proinversión y Proexport firmaron declaración para fortalecer Alianza Pacífico”, Colombian Agency for the Promotion of Trade, Investment and Tourism – Proexport (2012). Available online at: http://www.proexport.com.co/multimedia/video/prochile-promexico-promperu-proinversion-y-proexport-firmaron-declaracion, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Proexport (2013), “Presentación Foro Alianza del Pacífico: Un camino por andar. Oportunidades para Colombia”, Colombian Agency for the Promotion of Trade, Investment and Tourism - Proexport. Available online at: http://www.proexport.com.co/sites/default/files/flash/presentacion_foro_republica_alianza_pacifico/index_2.html, last accessed 25 September 2013. Richardson, M. (1993), “Endogenous protection and trade diversion”, Journal of International Economics, No. 34, pp. 309-324.

Rodrik, D. (2000), “How far will international economic integration go?”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1): 178-186.

Roldán Pérez, A. (2010), Beneficios y retos de Colombia en APEC, Medellín: Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT.

Santiso, J. (2008), “La emergencia de las Multilatinas”, Revista de la CEPAL, No. 95, pp. 7-30.

Santiso, J. (2013), The Decade of the Multilatinas, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schiavon, J. A. & Velásquez Flores, R. (2012), La política exterior de México 2012-2018: Diagnóstico y propuestas, México, DF: Asociación Mexicana de Estudios Internacionales, A. C.

Secretaría de Economía (2013), Secretaría de Economía de México. Available online at: http://www.economia.gob.mx/, last accessed 25 September 2013.

SICE-OAS (2013), Foreign Trade Information System of the Organization of American States. Available online at: http://www.sice.oas.org/, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Sohn, C. & Lee, H. (2010), “Trade Structure, FTAs, and Economic Growth”, Review of Development Economics, No. 14, pp. 683-698.

SRE México (2013), Papel de México en la integración de América Latina y el Caribe: Creación de la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños – Libro Blanco, México: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (2010). Available online at: http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/doctransparencia/rdc/4lbcelac.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

UNCTAD (2010), Integración regional en América Latina: Desafíos y oportunidades, New York: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

UNCTAD (2013), “Global Value Chain and Development: Investment and Value Added Trade in the Global Economy”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva. Available online at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diae2013d1_en.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

UNCTADstat (2013), Exports and imports of goods and services, annual, 1980-2012. Available online at: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Vargas-Alzate, L. F., Sosa, S. & Rodríguez-Ríos, J. D. (2012), “El comercio como plataforma de la política exterior colombiana en la administración de Juan Manuel Santos”, Colombia Internacional, No. 76, pp. 259-292.

Vargas-Hidalgo, R. (1979), “The crisis of the Andean Pact: Lessons for integration among developing countries”, Journal of Common Markets Studies, 17(3): 213-226.

Villarreal, M. A. (2012), “Mexico’s Free Trade Agreements”, Congressional Research Service. Available online at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

WTO (2011), “World Trade Report 2011: The WTO and preferential trade agreements: From co-existence to coherence”, World Trade Organization (2011). Available online at: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/world_trade_report11_e.pdf, last accessed 25 September 2013.

Publicado

2015-06-12

Número

Sección

Análisis